Which process involves using a subset to infer characteristics about a larger group?

The process that involves using a subset to infer characteristics about a larger group is known as sampling. This method is fundamental in research and statistics as it allows for making valid conclusions about a population without needing to analyze every individual within that population. By carefully selecting a representative subset, researchers can collect data and then extrapolate findings to make predictions or generalizations about the entire group.

Sampling is crucial in practical scenarios where studying the whole population is impractical or impossible due to time, cost, or feasibility constraints. This approach ensures that the conclusions drawn from the sample are reflective of the larger group, given that the sample is well-chosen and representative.

In contrast, individual observation pertains to gathering data from a single subject, which does not provide enough information to infer broader trends. Statistical analysis relates to processing and interpreting data but does not fundamentally involve the concept of drawing inferences from a subset to a larger group. Generalization refers to the outcome of inferring characteristics but is not the defined process that leads to those inferences. Thus, sampling stands out as the best answer for this question.